62 research outputs found
Determinants of Market Participation Among Pearl Millet Farmers in Dioila Cercle, Mali
Get PDFIn recent years, governmental and non-governmental organizations in Mali have given more attention to agricultural market development to meet consumers demand. This demand marks a model of mass consumption which is related to an increase of the population. Thereby, different programs have been developed to target agricultural value chains and market linkages. The main purpose of this paper was to assess the emerging marketing value chain of pearl millet in Dioila cercle among farmers. The survey was conducted in seven villages. Primary data was collected through face-to-face interviews using semi-structured questionnaires and secondary data obtained from the National Office of Trade and Competition, National Office of Market Observatory, and Organization for Consumers in Dioila. The characterization of farmers was done using descriptive statistics. To measure market participation among farmers, Heckman two-step model was used. The finding was that 212 out of 292 of sampled farmers were participating in pearl millet market. Farmers were in three groups (small, medium, and large scale) of production according to the size of land allocated to that crop and at different level of commercialization 57%, 38%, 7% respectively. Each of them was operating individually in three types of markets. Only 4.25% of participating households were female headed and 42.45% of sampled farmersâ wives were homeworkers. In addition, farmers were not receiving any kind of support for pearl millet production. Therefore, householdsâ quantity harvested, storage conditions, selling to regular buyers, and to wholesalers increased farmersâ likelihood to participate in market while householdsâ consumption and membership to cereal cooperative decreased their level of participation. Farmers were still practicing the traditional system of production, more land allocated to pearl millet production and labour for weeding were likely to increase their yield; whereas education of the farmer and labour used for land preparation adversely affected the quantity harvested. Keywords: Heckman two-step model, pearl millet farmers, market participatio
Organisation de la fonction dâaudit interne dans les collectivitĂ©s dĂ©centralisĂ©es du Mali : cas du District de Bamako
Get PDFCe papier vise Ă faire comprendre le rĂŽle de lâaudit interne et Ă expliquer comment organiser le service dâaudit interne dans les collectivitĂ©s dĂ©centralisĂ©es du District de Bamako. Lâatteinte de lâobjectif passe par la rĂ©ponse Ă la question qui sâintitule « comment organiser le service dâaudit interne dans les collectivitĂ©s dĂ©centralisĂ©es du District de Bamako ? ». Nous avons choisi lâapproche hypothĂ©tico-dĂ©ductive pour confirmer ou infirmer les hypothĂšses. Nous avons optĂ© pour lâentretien et les enquĂȘtes comme stratĂ©gie de collecte des donnĂ©es. Pour la recherche qualitative, nous avons effectuĂ© une analyse de contenu. Pour la recherche quantitative, la sĂ©lection de notre Ă©chantillon est faite par la mĂ©thode non probabiliste et la technique de choix raisonnĂ©s. Notons que notre Ă©chantillon est composĂ© de sept collectivitĂ©s locales du District de Bamako. Sur un Ă©chantillon de quarante et neuf responsables, trente et deux dâentre eux ont rĂ©pondu au questionnaire. Les donnĂ©es ont fait lâobjet dâune analyse bivariĂ©e descriptive accompagnĂ©e par des tests de khi-deux. Les principaux rĂ©sultats ainsi obtenus montrent que la fonction dâaudit interne est importante dans toute organisation. Nos rĂ©sultats rĂ©vĂšlent quâune bonne organisation de la fonction dâaudit interne permettrait dâamĂ©liorer la gestion publique des collectivitĂ©s dĂ©centralisĂ©es du District de Bamako
Facteurs de vulnérabilités des petites et moyennes entreprises informelles au Mali
Get PDFLâobjectif du prĂ©sent manuscrit est de : i) identifier les rĂŽles jouĂ©s par lâenvironnement dans la vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© des petites et moyennes entreprises informelles au Mali ; ii) dĂ©terminer les facteurs de vulnĂ©rabilitĂ©s liĂ©s au profil du dirigeant des petites et moyennes entreprises informelles au Mali ; et iii) dĂ©terminer les facteurs de vulnĂ©rabilitĂ©s liĂ©s Ă lâentreprise informelle au Mali. Pour atteindre cet objectif fixĂ©, nous avons optĂ© pour le positionnement interprĂ©tatif. En effet, cette posture interprĂ©tative nous a permet dâadoptĂ© une mĂ©thode qualitative basĂ©e sur de guide dâentretiens semi directif auprĂšs de 20 personnes morales. Seules six personnes ont rĂ©pondu favorablement Ă notre entretien. A cet effet, nos rĂ©sultats de recherche qualitative ont Ă©galement permis de faire les propositions selon lesquelles les facteurs de vulnĂ©rabilitĂ©s dĂ©pendront de lâenvironnement, le profil du dirigeant et de lâentreprise informelle malienne et les autres facteurs transversaux.
 
Hydric stress-dependent effects of Plasmodium falciparum infection on the survival of wild-caught Anopheles gambiae female mosquitoes
Get PDF<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Whether <it>Plasmodium falciparum</it>, the agent of human malaria responsible for over a million deaths per year, causes fitness costs in its mosquito vectors is a burning question that has not yet been adequately resolved. Understanding the evolutionary forces responsible for the maintenance of susceptibility and refractory alleles in natural mosquito populations is critical for understanding malaria transmission dynamics.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In natural mosquito populations, <it>Plasmodium </it>fitness costs may only be expressed in combination with other environmental stress factors hence this hypothesis was tested experimentally. Wild-caught blood-fed <it>Anopheles gambiae </it>s.s. females of the M and S molecular form from an area endemic for malaria in Mali, West Africa, were brought to the laboratory and submitted to a 7-day period of mild hydric stress or kept with water ad-libitum. At the end of this experiment all females were submitted to intense desiccation until death. The survival of all females throughout both stress episodes, as well as their body size and infection status was recorded. The importance of stress, body size and molecular form on infection prevalence and female survival was investigated using Logistic Regression and Proportional-Hazard analysis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Females subjected to mild stress exhibited patterns of survival and prevalence of infection compatible with increased parasite-induced mortality compared to non-stressed females. Fitness costs seemed to be linked to ookinetes and early oocyst development but not the presence of sporozoites. In addition, when females were subjected to intense desiccation stress, those carrying oocysts exhibited drastically reduced survival but those carrying sporozoites were unaffected. No significant differences in prevalence of infection and infection-induced mortality were found between the M and S molecular forms of <it>Anopheles gambiae</it>.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Because these results suggest that infected mosquitoes may incur fitness costs under natural-like conditions, they are particularly relevant to vector control strategies aiming at boosting naturally occurring refractoriness or spreading natural or foreign genes for refractoriness using genetic drive systems in vector populations.</p
Hydric stress-dependent effects of Plasmodium falciparum infection on the survival of wild-caught Anopheles gambiae female mosquitoes
Get PDF<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Whether <it>Plasmodium falciparum</it>, the agent of human malaria responsible for over a million deaths per year, causes fitness costs in its mosquito vectors is a burning question that has not yet been adequately resolved. Understanding the evolutionary forces responsible for the maintenance of susceptibility and refractory alleles in natural mosquito populations is critical for understanding malaria transmission dynamics.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In natural mosquito populations, <it>Plasmodium </it>fitness costs may only be expressed in combination with other environmental stress factors hence this hypothesis was tested experimentally. Wild-caught blood-fed <it>Anopheles gambiae </it>s.s. females of the M and S molecular form from an area endemic for malaria in Mali, West Africa, were brought to the laboratory and submitted to a 7-day period of mild hydric stress or kept with water ad-libitum. At the end of this experiment all females were submitted to intense desiccation until death. The survival of all females throughout both stress episodes, as well as their body size and infection status was recorded. The importance of stress, body size and molecular form on infection prevalence and female survival was investigated using Logistic Regression and Proportional-Hazard analysis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Females subjected to mild stress exhibited patterns of survival and prevalence of infection compatible with increased parasite-induced mortality compared to non-stressed females. Fitness costs seemed to be linked to ookinetes and early oocyst development but not the presence of sporozoites. In addition, when females were subjected to intense desiccation stress, those carrying oocysts exhibited drastically reduced survival but those carrying sporozoites were unaffected. No significant differences in prevalence of infection and infection-induced mortality were found between the M and S molecular forms of <it>Anopheles gambiae</it>.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Because these results suggest that infected mosquitoes may incur fitness costs under natural-like conditions, they are particularly relevant to vector control strategies aiming at boosting naturally occurring refractoriness or spreading natural or foreign genes for refractoriness using genetic drive systems in vector populations.</p
IntĂ©gration des pratiques dâaudit interne dans la gestion des communes et du District de Bamako
Get PDFThis paper aims to integrate internal audit practices in the management of municipalities and the District of Bamako in order to improve their public management. Achieving the objective requires answering the question entitled, âWhy should the internal audit be integrated into the management of municipalities and the District of Bamako? ". It is a question of choosing the hypothetico-deductive approach to validate or invalidate the hypotheses. We opted for interviews and surveys as the data collection strategy. For the qualitative research, eight semi-structured interviews were conducted with managers. For quantitative research, the selection of our sample is made by the non-probability method and the reasoned choice technique. It should be noted that our sample is made up of seven local authorities in the District of Bamako. Out of a sample of forty-nine managers, thirty-two of them answered the questionnaire. The data were first subjected to a content analysis, then to a bivariate descriptive analysis accompanied by chi-square tests. The main results thus obtained show that the existing control of the municipalities and the District of Bamako does not promote better local management to the extent desired and that it requires providing these communities with a more adequate and effective tool. Our results also indicate that the internal audit function allows the improvement of public management and that it should be attached to the president of the municipal council of each community.
Classification JEL : M42
Paper type: Empirical researchCe papier vise Ă intĂ©grer des pratiques dâaudit interne dans la gestion des communes et du District de Bamako afin dâamĂ©liorer leur gestion publique. Lâatteinte de lâobjectif passe par la rĂ©ponse Ă la question qui sâintitule « pourquoi lâaudit interne doit-il ĂȘtre intĂ©grĂ© dans la gestion des communes et du District de Bamako ? ». Il sâagit de choisir lâapproche hypothĂ©tico-dĂ©ductive pour valider ou invalider les hypothĂšses. Nous avons optĂ© pour lâentretien et les enquĂȘtes comme stratĂ©gie de collecte des donnĂ©es. Pour la recherche qualitative, huit entretiens semi-directifs ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©s auprĂšs des responsables. Pour la recherche quantitative, la sĂ©lection de notre Ă©chantillon est faite par la mĂ©thode non probabiliste et la technique de choix raisonnĂ©s. Il faut noter que notre Ă©chantillon est composĂ© de sept collectivitĂ©s locales du District de Bamako. Sur un Ă©chantillon de quarante et neuf responsables, trente et deux dâentre eux ont rĂ©pondu au questionnaire. Les donnĂ©es ont fait dâabord, lâobjet dâune analyse de contenu, ensuite, dâune analyse bivariĂ©e descriptive accompagnĂ©e par des tests de khi-deux. Les principaux rĂ©sultats ainsi obtenus montrent que le contrĂŽle existant dans les communes et du District de Bamako ne favorise pas une meilleure gestion locale Ă hauteur de souhait et quâil nĂ©cessite de doter ces collectivitĂ©s dâun outil plus adĂ©quat et plus efficace. Nos rĂ©sultats indiquent aussi que la fonction dâaudit interne permet lâamĂ©lioration de la gestion publique et quâelle devrait ĂȘtre rattachĂ©e au prĂ©sident du conseil communal de chaque collectivitĂ©.
Classification JEL : M42
Type de lâarticle : Recherche empiriqu
Le partenariat public-privé des Collectivités territoriales au Mali : Option stratégique pour la résilience de la COVID- 19
Get PDFCe papier a pour objectif de dĂ©terminer le rĂŽle central que pouvait jouer le PPP aux collectivitĂ©s territoires face aux effets de la Covid-19. Pour lâatteinte de cet objectif, nous avons optĂ© pour lâapproche qualitative exploratoire pour confirmer ou infirmer nos hypothĂšses en utilisant les donnĂ©es secondaires. Les principaux rĂ©sultats obtenus prĂ©sentent que dans le but dâassurer un meilleur dĂ©veloppement Ă©conomique social et culturel des territoires, les autoritĂ©s du Mali se sont vĂ©ritablement engagĂ©es dans vaste un processus de dĂ©centralisation visant Ă rapprocher lâadministration des administrĂ©s. Ce rapprochement est matĂ©rialisĂ© par le transfert de compĂ©tence et des ressources. Il ressort de lâanalyse que la mise en Ćuvre de ce transfert de compĂ©tences et de ressources de lâEtat aux CT est entravĂ©e par de nombreuses difficultĂ©s. Ces difficultĂ©s sont relatives Ă lâinsuffisance des ressources et la crise sanitaire persistante de la Covid-19. Les rĂ©sultats dĂ©notent Ă©galement que le recours au PPP, est apparu comme un moyen permettant de combler le dĂ©ficit en terme de dĂ©veloppement. En plus, face aux contraintes budgĂ©taires, les effets nĂ©gatifs de la pandĂ©mie et Ă la nĂ©cessitĂ© de rĂ©aliser des investissements publics colossaux, on fait de plus en plus appel au PPP
INEGALITES DE DUREE DâACCES AUX LOGEMENTS SOCIAUX AU MALI
Get PDFNous analysons dans cet article les ineÌgaliteÌs de dureÌes dâacceÌs aux logements sociaux par rapport au genre, aÌ lâaÌge, aÌ la situation socioeÌconomique, aux secteurs de travail et aÌ la profession, par les meÌnages demandeurs au Mali. Notre recherche consiste en une analyse statistique exploratoire de la relation entre les caracteÌristiques du stock de logements sociaux et des ineÌgaliteÌs de dureÌes dâacceÌs. Pour ce faire, nous nous sommes concentreÌs sur lâexpeÌrience des cinq (5) premieÌres reÌgions du Mali et du district de Bamako de 2002 aÌ 2019. Nos donneÌes proviennent de ces reÌgions aÌ travers une enqueÌte de terrain effectueÌe aupreÌs des meÌnages beÌneÌficiaires de logements sociaux ainsi que dans les administrations chargeÌes du logement (OMH, DNUH et INSTAT), au Mali. Notre eÌchantillon est composeÌ de 1507 meÌnages beÌneÌficiaires de logements sociaux. Nos reÌsultats eÌconomeÌtriques montrent quâil nâexiste pas dâineÌgaliteÌ genre et sectorielle dans la dureÌe dâacceÌs aux logements sociaux. Il existe cependant une ineÌgaliteÌ de dureÌes dâacceÌs au logement social par un meÌnage selon son aÌge, son salaire, sa profession, le nombre de personnes dans le meÌnage et le type de logement demandeÌ
Variabilité morphologique du baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) au Mali
Get PDFIntroduction Le baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) est un arbre caractĂ©ristique du paysage agricole dans les zones semi-arides dâAfrique. Il est utilisĂ© quotidiennement par la population locale africaine. La diversitĂ© des services et des produits du baobab suggĂšre dâeffectuer une Ă©valuation de sa variabilitĂ© morphologique afin dâavoir une meilleure connaissance de son potentiel. Notre article a cherchĂ© Ă identifier des descripteurs morphologiques discriminants chez le baobab en relation avec la diversitĂ© agro-Ă©cologique du Mali. MatĂ©riel et mĂ©thodes Notre Ă©valuation a concernĂ© huit provenances de baobab reparties sur lâensemble de son aire de distribution gĂ©ographique au Mali. Elle a portĂ© sur les caractĂšres foliaires, fruitiers et sur ceux liĂ©s aux graines. Le coefficient de variation a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ© pour Ă©valuer la variabilitĂ©. Les donnĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©es par analyse de variance et analyse multi-variĂ©e. RĂ©sultats Une importante variabilitĂ© a Ă©tĂ© observĂ©e selon les provenances et les descripteurs utilisĂ©s. Les descripteurs morphologiques discriminants pour les baobabs que nous avons Ă©chantillonnĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© la longueur et la largeur des fruits, la longueur du pĂ©doncule des fruits, la longueur, la largeur et le nombre de lobes des feuilles
Geographical and temporal distribution of human giardiasis in Ontario, Canada
Get PDFBACKGROUND: Giardia is the most frequently identified intestinal parasite in North America. Although information on geographical distribution of giardiasis is critical in identifying communities at high risk, little has been done in this area. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the geographical and temporal distribution of human giardiasis in Ontario in order to identify possible high risk areas and seasons. Two spatial scales of analyses and two disease measures were used with a view to identifying the best of each in assessing geographical patterns of giardiasis in Ontario. Global Moran's I and Moran Local Indicators of Spatial Associations were used to test for evidence of global and local spatial clustering, respectively. RESULTS: There were seasonal patterns with summer peaks and a significant (P < 0.001) decreasing temporal trend. Significant (P < 0.05) global spatial clustering of high rates was observed at the Census Sub-division spatial scale but not at the Census Division scale. The Census Sub-division scale was a better scale of analyses but required spatial empirical Bayesian smoothing of the rates. A number of areas with significant local clustering of giardiasis rates were identified. CONCLUSIONS: The study identified spatial and temporal patterns in giardiasis distribution. This information is important in guiding decisions on disease control strategies. The study also showed that there is benefit in performing spatial analyses at more than one spatial scale to assess geographical patterns in disease distribution and that smoothing of disease rates for mapping in small areas enhances visualization of spatial patterns
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