167,649 research outputs found
Comparison of instrumental methods for measuring seed hardness of food-grade soybean
Get PDFSeed hardness is an important factor in determining soybean suitability for natto production. There is no established methodology for testing seed texture of soybeans. The objective of this study was to develop an efficient method by examining different instruments and seed parameters that could be potentially used for testing soybean seed hardness. Five food-grade soybean genotypes with different seed sizes were used to determine seed hardness and water-absorption capacity. Water absorption capacity was expressed by swell ratios for seed weight, seed dimension, and volume of water changes before and after soaking. Seed hardness test was conducted by a one-bite method using two food-texture analyzers: a TMS-2000 equipped with shear cell (SC) and a TA-XT2i equipped with either a single blade (SB), a 2-mm probe (PB), a 75-mm cylinder (CY), or a 16-probe pea rigs (PR). The results showed that hardness testing by CY with ten seeds (CV=0.14), SB with 5 seeds (CV=0.11), and SC with 30 g steamed seeds (CV=0.14) produced dependable and consistent results with low coefficient of variance. However, SC may not be practical for early plant selection in a breeding program due to a relatively large sample requirement. Seed size was negatively, whereas swell ratio by weight and volume was positively, correlated with seed hardness, and therefore, can be used as indirect selection indicators for seed hardness
Determination and modelling of water quality parameter in Abuja metropolis
Get PDFThis research work involves the determination and modelling of water parameter such as pH, temperature, turbidity, chloride, hardness. The result of the analysis was used as important operating variables to generate a model equation of pH, hardness, temperature, turbidity and chloride. The values obtained from the model equation were compared with those from experiment. On an average bases the values were close. These parameters can be used to monitor the extent of pollution of pond water and to monitor stress and diseases of fish. The experimental data of pH was in the range of 6.7 to 6.9 while the modelled result was also between 6.7 to 7.0. The turbidity experimental value was close to the modelled value also. The chloride value for the experimental data was in the range of 25.32 to 35.0. The total hardness value ranges between 4.5 to 65.1 mg/l while the modelled result ranges between 11.025 to 68.402 mg/l. The result was within the acceptable limit of world health organization standard on water quality parameter
Quantitative Analysis of Tap Water and Commercial Water Hardness Using Lime Soda Method
Get PDFWater hardness is important to fish culture and is a commonly reported to be an aspect of water quality. It is a measure of the quantity of divalent ions such as calcium, magnesium and/or iron in water. The present study aimed to answer the question “Do tap water and commercial water have differences in their hardness?”
A brief research on water hardness revealed that there were many water brands containing different levels of hardness and those levels of hardness differed from tap water. In this study, two commercial water brands that are thought to have different levels of hardness were chosen to analyze. Their hardness were analyzed and measured using EDTA titration method. Results of their hardness in the unit of French hardness degree were compared.
Water from tap water were found to have more hardness compared to other commercial water. Remaining two, including Dinç Su and Saka, were softer than tap water compared their hardnesses in the unit of French hardness degree. Between these two commercial waters, the most reliable one was Dinç Su because of its softness. According to the reputation of Saka water of being high quality, I have thought Saka was softer than Dinç Su before the experiment. But according to the results of this study, the hardness was less in Dinç Su following Saka and tap water in their hardness respectively
Effects of environment on microhardness of magnesium oxide
Get PDFMicro-Vickers hardness measurements of magnesium oxide single crystals were conducted in various environments. These environments included air, nitrogen gas, water, mineral oil with or without various additives, and aqueous solutions with various pH values. Indentations were made on the (100) plane with the diagonals of the indentation in the (100) direction. The results indicate that a sulfur containing additve in mineral oil increased hardness, a chlorine containing additive in mineral oil decreased hardness, and aqueous solutions of hydrogen chloride decreased hardness. Other environments were found to have little effect on hardness. Mechanically polished surfaces showed larger indentation creep than did as-cleaved surfaces
Microbiological, chemical and physical quality of drinking water for commercial turkeys: a cross-sectional study.
Get PDFopen9Drinking water for poultry is not subject to particular microbiological, chemical and physical requirements, thereby representing a potential transmission route for pathogenic microorganisms and contaminants and/or becoming unsuitable for water-administered medications. This study assessed the microbiological, chemical and physical drinking water quality of 28 turkey farms in North-Eastern Italy: 14 supplied with tap water (TW) and 14 with well water (WW). Water salinity, hardness, pH, ammonia, sulphate, phosphate, nitrate, chromium, copper and iron levels were also assessed. Moreover, total bacterial count at 22°C, presence and enumeration of Enterococcus spp. and E. coli, presence of Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. were quantified. A water sample was collected in winter and in summer at 3 sampling sites: the water source (A), the beginning (B) and the end (C) of the nipple line (168 samples in total). Chemical and physical quality of both TW and WW sources was mostly within the limits of TW for humans. However, high levels of hardness and iron were evidenced in both sources. In WW vs. TW, sulphate and salinity levels were significantly higher, whilst pH and nitrate levels were significantly lower. At site A, microbiological quality of WW and TW was mostly within the limit of TW for humans. However, both sources had a significantly lower microbiological quality at sites B and C. Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Kentucky was isolated only twice from WW. Campylobacter spp. were rarely isolated (3.6% of farms); however, Campylobacter spp. farm-level prevalence by real-time PCR was up to 43% for both water sources. Winter posed at higher risk than summer for Campylobacter spp. presence in water, whereas no significant associations were found with water source, site, recirculation system, and turkey age. Low salinity and high hardness were significant risk factors for C. coli and C. jejuni presence, respectively. These results show the need of improving sanitization of drinking water pipelines for commercial turkeys.openDi Martino G., Piccirillo A., Giacomelli M., Comin D., Gallina A., Capello K., Buniolo F., Montesissa C., Bonfanti L.Di Martino, G.; Piccirillo, A.; Giacomelli, M.; Comin, D.; Gallina, A.; Capello, K.; Buniolo, F.; Montesissa, C.; Bonfanti, L
Open access nationwide data sets for drinking water hardness at public waterworks and their water supply areas in Denmark
Get PDFThree spatiotemporal data sets of drinking water hardness in Denmark (version 1) are presented here: (1) annual drinking water hardness at public waterworks (1905–2023); (2) annual drinking water hardness at their water supply areas (1978–2023) and (3) the latest drinking water hardness at the water supply areas (1980–2023). Raw data were extracted from the Jupiter database for groundwater and drinking water data in Denmark, and were quality-assured. Hardness was calculated after semi-automatic outlier exclusion based on Ca and Mg, or if not available, the reported total hardness. Data were further aggregated at the waterworks level by the annual mean and at the supply area level by the weighted mean (weighted to waterworks annual abstraction volumes). Temporal and spatial gaps were filled prior to these aggregations. Various stakeholders could benefit from these open access data. They provide a societal service in response to increased public interest in drinking water hardness. The research community could use the data in environmental, exposure or epidemiological assessments. Finally, the water supplies and the public sector could benefit from these data as they provide a nationwide overview of current and past drinking water hardness in Denmark and highlight the geographic areas that lack recent data, most probably due to de-regulation
Evaluation of Water Hardness and pH on Soybean and Cotton Insecticide Efficacy
Get PDFInsecticide efficacy often varies by location and year. Many factors can influence an insecticide’s efficacy, but an often-overlooked factor is the quality of water in a carrier solution. Water quality includes many parameters, but two important ones are water hardness and pH. Research has shown that water hardness and pH can affect some pesticides. Multiple experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of water hardness and pH on insecticide efficacy. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of water hardness and pH on the efficacy and residual control of chlorantraniliprole for the control of corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). Leaf dip assays were conducted using 6 ng/ml concentrations of chlorantraniliprole in water samples that had three water hardness levels (11ppm, 178 ppm, 430 ppm) and three pH levels (6.5, 8.3, and 9.1). In these trials, it was observed that as water hardness and pH increased, the percent mortality decreased. Additionally, a trial was conducted in the greenhouse to determine the impact of water hardness on the residual control of chlorantraniliprole for the control of corn earworm. There were no differences observed in soft water (11ppm) and hard water (178ppm), but with very hard water (425 ppm) there was a decrease in residual after 21 days. A field trial was conducted using chlorantraniliprole, methoxyfenozide + spinetoram, emamectin benzoate, and chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin. No differences were observed in the field. Tarnished plant bugs, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), are the most economically important insect pest in Arkansas cotton, causing major losses in yield and increasing costs for growers. Multiple experiments were conducted to determine the impact of water hardness and pH on commonly used insecticides for the control of tarnished plant control. Leaf dip assays were conducted with sulfoxaflor, acephate, thiamethoxam, and dicrotophos that were mixed with three water hardness levels (11 ppm, 178 ppm, and 430 ppm) and three pH levels (6.5, 8.0, and 9.3). A decrease in efficacy was observed for acephate as water hardness increased, however no differences were observed for the other insecticides tested regardless of water hardness or pH. A field trials were conducted to determine the impact of water hardness and pH on the efficacy of sulfoxaflor, acephate, thiamethoxam, and dicrotophos. The tarnished plant bug population was observed at 4 and 7 days after application. As pH increased dicrotophos efficacy increased 4 days after application. No other insecticides tested were impacted by water hardness of pH. Additionally, a field trial was conducted using water conditioners that were added to water with pH levels of 6.4 or 9.1 or water hardness levels of 11 ppm and 430 ppm along with dicrotophos to determine the effect of water conditioners on dicrotophos for tarnished plant bugs. No differences in efficacies were observed at 3 days but 7 days after application Diversify had an improved efficacy compared to standard water
Evaluation of Water Hardness and pH on Soybean and Cotton Insecticide Efficacy
Get PDFInsecticide efficacy often varies by location and year. Many factors can influence an insecticide’s efficacy, but an often-overlooked factor is the quality of water in a carrier solution. Water quality includes many parameters, but two important ones are water hardness and pH. Research has shown that water hardness and pH can affect some pesticides. Multiple experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of water hardness and pH on insecticide efficacy. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of water hardness and pH on the efficacy and residual control of chlorantraniliprole for the control of corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). Leaf dip assays were conducted using 6 ng/ml concentrations of chlorantraniliprole in water samples that had three water hardness levels (11ppm, 178 ppm, 430 ppm) and three pH levels (6.5, 8.3, and 9.1). In these trials, it was observed that as water hardness and pH increased, the percent mortality decreased. Additionally, a trial was conducted in the greenhouse to determine the impact of water hardness on the residual control of chlorantraniliprole for the control of corn earworm. There were no differences observed in soft water (11ppm) and hard water (178ppm), but with very hard water (425 ppm) there was a decrease in residual after 21 days. A field trial was conducted using chlorantraniliprole, methoxyfenozide + spinetoram, emamectin benzoate, and chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin. No differences were observed in the field. Tarnished plant bugs, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), are the most economically important insect pest in Arkansas cotton, causing major losses in yield and increasing costs for growers. Multiple experiments were conducted to determine the impact of water hardness and pH on commonly used insecticides for the control of tarnished plant control. Leaf dip assays were conducted with sulfoxaflor, acephate, thiamethoxam, and dicrotophos that were mixed with three water hardness levels (11 ppm, 178 ppm, and 430 ppm) and three pH levels (6.5, 8.0, and 9.3). A decrease in efficacy was observed for acephate as water hardness increased, however no differences were observed for the other insecticides tested regardless of water hardness or pH. A field trials were conducted to determine the impact of water hardness and pH on the efficacy of sulfoxaflor, acephate, thiamethoxam, and dicrotophos. The tarnished plant bug population was observed at 4 and 7 days after application. As pH increased dicrotophos efficacy increased 4 days after application. No other insecticides tested were impacted by water hardness of pH. Additionally, a field trial was conducted using water conditioners that were added to water with pH levels of 6.4 or 9.1 or water hardness levels of 11 ppm and 430 ppm along with dicrotophos to determine the effect of water conditioners on dicrotophos for tarnished plant bugs. No differences in efficacies were observed at 3 days but 7 days after application Diversify had an improved efficacy compared to standard water
Physiological Effects of Chronic Copper Exposure to Rainbow Trout (\u3cem\u3eOncorhynchus Mykiss\u3c/em\u3e) in Hard and Soft Water: Evaluation of Chronic Indicators
Get PDFEffects of chronic copper exposure on a suite of indicators were examined: acute toxicity, acclimation, growth, sprint performance, whole-body electrolytes, tissue residues, and gill copper binding characteristics. Juvenile rainbow trout were exposed for 30 d to waterborne copper in hard water (hardness = 120 ÎĽg/L as CaCO3, pH = 8.0, Cu = 20 and 60 ÎĽg/L) and soft water (hardness = 20 ÎĽg/L as CaCO3, pH = 7.2, Cu = 1 and 2 ÎĽg/L). Significant acclimation to the metal occurred only in fish exposed to 60 mg/L, as seen by an approx. twofold increase in 96-h LC50 (153 vs 91 ÎĽg Cu/L). Chronic copper exposure had little or no effect on survival, growth, or swimming performance in either water hardness, nor was there any initial whole-body electrolyte loss (Na+ and Cl-). The present data suggest that the availability of food (3% wet body weight/day, distributed as three 1% meals) prevented growth inhibition and initial ion losses that usually result from Cu exposure. Elevated metal burdens in the gills and livers of exposed fish were measures of chronic copper exposure but not of effect. Initial gill binding experiments revealed the necessity of using radiolabeled Cu (64Cu) to detect newly accumulated Cu against gill background levels. Using this method, we verified the presence of saturable Cu-binding sites in the gills of juvenile rainbow trout and were able to make estimates of copperbinding affinity (log Kgill=Cu) and capacity (Bmax). Furthermore, we showed that both chronic exposure to Cu and to low water calcium had important effects on the Cu-binding characteristics of the gills
Water Hardness Removal by Electrochemical Precipitation in a Continuous Flow Condition Using Conductive Concrete as Cathode
Get PDFThis study focuses on the electrochemical precipitation (EP) process to reduce excess water hardness from the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) tap water using electrically conductive concrete as cathode in a continuous flow condition. LRGV tap water is extremely hard with hardness more than 350 mg/L as CaCO3. Humans can pleasantly consume water with hardness less than 150 mg/l as CaCO3 according to World Health Organization (WHO). Hard water is also known to cause mechanical problems to boilers and heat exchangers. In this process, electricity is passed through electrodes submerged in electrolyte, which causes an alkaline environment around the cathode and precipitate water hardness. Conventional studies on electrochemical hardness removal have used sacrificial metal cathodes which makes the treatment very expensive and unsustainable. However, electrically conductive concrete cathode in this study is made with conductive graphite flakes thus making the system more durable and sustainable. In this study, data will be collected with changes in Current density, flow rate/hydraulic retention time, the total reaction time to analyze their impact on water hardness concentration in tap water. Preliminary research findings showed that an increase in applied current density, reaction time, and a decrease in flow rate achieved greater water hardness removal. If successfully developed, proposed technology will enable municipalities and industries to significantly reduce water hardness on site
- …
